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Ministry of Finance (MOF)
Parliamentary Replies

Before and After Taxes and Transfers - Singapore’s Gini Coefficient

Topics

Income Inequality

19 March 2018

This article has been migrated from an earlier version of the site and may display formatting inconsistencies.

1.     There are different methodologies used internationally for calculating the Gini coefficient.  Singapore’s Gini coefficient is typically reported based on household income from work per household member. The calculation by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is based on the Square Root Scale[1]. 

2.     If we apply the OECD method to ourselves, then based on data from the latest available year, the Gini coefficients for Singapore and some major economies are shown in Chart 1. 

3.     Before taxes and transfers, Singapore’s Gini coefficient is low compared with many major developed economies.

4.     After taxes and transfers, several countries have a lower Gini coefficient compared to Singapore. This is because they typically impose higher overall taxes on the working population and in particular on the middle-income, in order to finance large social transfers. In contrast, Singapore’s approach is to keep our tax burden low, and provide targeted support for the lower-income.

5.     In addition, these calculations do not reflect the full range of Government policy interventions that are unique to the Singapore context. For example, many Singaporeans enjoy significant subsidies for the purchase of HDB flats, which have helped them own homes in a high-quality living environment.   

Chart 1: International comparison of Gini coefficients based on the square root scale (latest available year)[2]

Bar graph showing income inequality before and after taxes/transfers by country.

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[1] Equivalence scales are used to adjust for household size so that the incomes of households of different sizes and compositions are comparable to each another. Details can be found in the Department of Statistics’ Key Household Income Trends publication, downloadable from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/population#household_income. 

[2] Singapore’s Gini is based on household income from work whereas data on OECD economies is based on income from all sources (which includes non-work income from investments and property). For further details, please refer to MOF’s Occasional Paper on Income Growth, Distribution and Mobility Trends in Singapore which can be downloaded from https://www.mof.gov.sg/Resources/Feature-Articles/Income-Growth-Distribution-and-Mobility-Trends-in-Singapore.